译文|娼妓业、贩卖人口与文化健忘 : 性剥削生意不能让你知道的七个事实
梅丽莎·法利特作为研究员与临床心理学家就职于娼妓业研究与教育组织。后者是一家位于旧金山的非盈利机构。她的邮箱为melissa.farley@prostitutionresearch.com。法利特于2003年编辑了包括来自该领域重要稿件的《娼妓业、贩卖人口与创伤压力》一书,并亲自撰写或贡献了25篇经同行评议的论文。法利特目前正从事一系列对嫖娼男性的文化研究工作,同时她还协助举办一个艺术展览,帮助人们改变对娼妓业、色情与性交易的看法。
01
充满极端暴力的娼妓业
成千上万的书籍和课程都在教女性如何自卫,如何“避免”被强奸。其中一些基础课告诉我们:晚上不要一个人走在幽僻的街道上,不要上陌生男子的车,不要在酒吧里勾搭男人,甚至独自在家时不要让快递员进屋。然而,这些正是卖淫这个“工作”的要求:女人每接一次客,就要把自己置于危险之中。我们又会问:“如何避免危险发生?” 答案是,你不能。看看死了多少人吧。[14]
我们都曾被猥亵过,一遍又一遍,还被强奸过。你不知道吗?我们小时候都被猥亵和性虐待过。我们都是为了逃避……我们被扔出去,被扔掉了。我们从十二三四岁就开始流落街头。[18]
(我)每当要接客时,身体就开始不舒服,阴道又像我在15岁那年(被强奸)时那样闭上了……某个晚上,一个男人试图强行进入我的体内,结果在过程中弄伤了自己的阴茎。[39]
这就像我通过训练,使自己表现得只喜欢卖淫,而没有别的任何想法。事情过去几天后,我会思考「这对我的身体、我的思想、我的自尊心有什么影响吗」,但当时不会这样想……虽然那些人给了我钱,但我觉得他们好像夺走了一些属于我的东西。我在想,他们为什么要这样做?[43]
我来做这个,是因为我认为性是关于爱的;在这一切之下,我在寻找一个父亲。但这没给我的精神状态带来什么好处。几年前,我觉得这是个赚钱的好办法,但这不值得……我不会推荐任何人来……我被打了很多次。我被人逼着做爱,我被撕裂……我被虐待过很多次。[53]
02
充满种族主义与阶级偏见的娼妓业
不,我不这么认为……如果没有任何刻板印象的话,一切都会化为乌有。这就是为什么我对那些出于幽默目的、友善地调侃「中国佬、黑鬼、基佬」(chink, nigger, faggot)的人们都没什么意见。[68]
通过在娼妓业的经历,我不再相信那些关于娼妓业中等级制度的通常观念,比如街头卖淫是最差的,而应召服务(escort service)是最好的……我只能说,无论你在荷兰隧道的汽车里还是广场酒店里接客,你总是要脱掉衣服,跪在地上或仰面躺着,让陌生人用他喜欢的方式利用你。[73]
03
卖淫、色情作品、人口贩卖都符合或超过了法律对“折磨”的定义。
折磨的目的是破坏受害者与自我的关系,从而瓦解个体人格的主要支柱……这些行为在性方面的特征表明,施暴者意识到性对受害者身份认同的核心作用。这些照片中的施虐者意在通过施加和记录极端的性羞辱来摧毁受害者的自我意识。[91]
“妓女”这个词并不意味着“更深层次的身份”,相反它是一种身份的缺失:偷窃和随之而来的对自我的抛弃。剩下的是“工作”的重要组成部分:嘴、生殖器、肛门、乳房……和标签。[109]
04
色情制品与贩卖妇女
05
嫖客
我就像一个在糖果店的孩子。我是说,一个下午干四个女人对我来说不算什么……我想,这就是男人干的事。[130]
我每天都在目睹着男人们最坏的一面——他们的粗心大意和自以为是。他们能如此彻底地脱离与之发生性关系的东西……仿佛有一个比我所能想象的更古老、更强大的系统在那里。我是谁?我只是一个姑娘。我又能怎样?如果我有能力,我就阻止任何人被买、被卖或者被租赁。[131]
06
后现代理论与卖淫正常化
07
法律与卖淫合法化
任由娼妓业存在是国家所做的最为贬低与侮辱女性的事情。内华达州……所做的实质上是在每个妓女的屁股盖上“美国认证”的钢印。与之相反,我们应该做的是通过帮助她们重返社会来扭转他们的命运。[191]
结论
“奴隶制和卖淫一样,是一种支配和从属关系,涉及直接和阴险的暴力……匿名和隐身……无休止的人身侵犯,以及……长期的不名誉。”[211]
“看似平庸的口头羞辱(如性别歧视和种族主义的辱骂),到支配性和有辱人格的行为(色情/卖淫,例如一群男人在啜泣妇女的脸上射精),再到致命的攻击(接近谋杀案的色情拍摄),均被人们心照不宣的接受。”[214]
译文 | 真实的乌托邦 OR 抽象的经验主义:评布洛维与赖特
注释
在安德里亚·德沃金(一位对色情产业持强烈批判观点的美国基进女性主义运动家,于2005年去世,译注)去世一周年之际,我发现她的生涯与言辞改变了我的一生。凯瑟琳·麦金农关于女性如何被男性伤害的见地,她的慷慨与她绝佳的批判观点使我可能继续写作。玛格丽特·鲍德温是一位才华横溢、富有同情心的律师,她正在为逃避娼妓业的妇女建立一个最先进的治疗中心,与她共事是一件很愉快的事。尼基·克拉夫特的警觉,她对网络空间的热爱,以及她俏皮的态度都是我的灵感来源。感谢多琛·雷德霍尔德。谢谢你在北京附近的那辆公共汽车上对我说:“你为什么不把其他国家美国的情况做个对比呢?还没人做过这个。你何不再写一些关于情感伤害的内容?”我也要感谢耶鲁《法律与女性主义》期刊的编辑们在编辑这篇论文时给予的帮助和贡献。
[1] The Sex Business, ECONOMIST, Feb. 14, 1998, at 17.
[2] 三名执法人员和一名调查记者分别估计,在内华达州拉斯维加斯,色情业及其附属业务(无论合法还是非法,包括合法的脱衣舞,顾客为了去特定脱衣舞俱乐部而交给出租车司机的贿赂,为招揽色情服务而提供给服务员与酒保的小费)每年能产生10亿到50亿美元的收入。这项研究即将在2006年出版的一份关于内华达州娼妓业/贩卖人口的报告中发表。来自Melissa Farley, Prostitution and Trafficking in Nevada, 2006(未发表手稿)。
[3] 参见e.g., KATHLEEN BARRY, FEMALE SEXUAL SLAVERY (1979); KATHLEEN BARRY, THE PROSTITUTION OF SEXUALITY (1995) [hereinafter PROSTITUTION OF SEXUALITY]; CATHARINE A. MACKINNON, SEX EQUALITY 1447-72 (2001) (discussing prostitution and slavery).
[4] 参阅 Elinor Burkett, God Created Me to Be a Slave, N.Y. TIMES MAG., Oct. 12, 1997, at 56. 自从伯克特撰写这篇文章以来,人们越来越认识到奴隶制的不同表现形式,有时娼妓业也包含在其中。参阅e.g., U.S. DEP'T OF STATE, OFFICE TO MONITOR AND COMBAT TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS, RESCUING VICTIMS OF MODERN-DAY SLAVERY (2005), http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/fs12005/55233.htm.
[5] INE VANWESENBEECK, PROSTITUTES' WELL-BEING AND RISK 149 (1994).
[6] CHRISTA WISTERICH, THE GLOBALIZED WOMAN: REPORTS FROM A FUTURE OF INEQUALITY 63 (2000).
[7] 性产业不断变化和发展。时至今日已经包括了电话性爱,通过实时视频聊天进行的互联网卖淫、按摩妓院、应召卖淫、绅士俱乐部、半裸俱乐部、商业婚姻市场、仪式性虐待儿童、桑拿和美甲店卖淫、街头卖淫、脱衣舞俱乐部、膝上舞、偷窥表演和色情制品。
[8] 一位十几岁的女性感到在街上卖淫都要比在家里更安全,事态也更受控。在家中,继父经常对她实施强奸,偷走她的癫痫药。来自对加州旧金山一位匿名妓女的采访(2000年9月20日)。
[9] 参阅 Christine Stark & Carol Hodgson, Sister Oppressions: A Comparison of Wife Battering and Prostitution, in PROSTITUTION, TRAFFICKING, AND TRAUMATIC STRESS 17 (Melissa Farley ed., 2003).
[10] 参阅 EVELNA GIOBBE ET AL., A FACILITATOR'S GUIDE TO PROSTITUTION: A MATTER OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN (Denise Gamache ed., 1990)[herinalfter GIOBBE, FACILITATOR'S GUIDE]; Evelina Giobbe, An Analysis of Individual, Institutional and Cultural Pimping, I MICH. J. GENDER & L. 33 (1993); Evelina Giobbe, Prostitution: Buying the Right to Rape, in RAPE AND SEXUAL ASSAULT III: A RESEARCH HANDBOOK 143 (Ann Wolbert Burgess ed., 1991).
[11] 参阅附录A。“受卖淫系统之害的妇女要反抗”(Women Hurt in Systems of Prostitution Engaged in Revolt,WHISPER)运动通过戏仿卖淫工作申请揭露了娼妓业“工作”的荒谬。这种对工作的讽刺性描述在为逃离娼妓业的女性提供情感援助与就业选择的机构中得到了广泛使用。举例来说,作者了解到檀香山的SOS(姐妹提供支持,Sisters Offering Support)组织中的女性把工作描述定在小组会议室的门上,引发了很多笑声。
The job application is © WHISPER & Evelina Giobbe. All rights reserved. Permission granted to reprint. Previously printed in Melissa Farley, Preface: Prostitution, Trafficking, and Traumatic Stress, in PROSTITUTION, TRAFFICKING, AND TRAUMATIC STRESS xi, xx (Melissa Farley ed., 2003); MACKINNON, SEX EQUALITY, supra note 3, at 1437.
[12] 参阅Marjolein Gysels et al., Women Who Sell Sex in a Ugandan Trading Town: Life Histories, Survival Strategies and Risk, 54 SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE 179, 179-192 (2002).
[13] Jean D'Cunha, Legalizing Prostitution: In Search of Alternatives From a Gender and Rights Perspective 39 (Seminar on the Effects of Legalisation of Prostitution Activities, Stockholm, Swed., Nov. 5-6, 2002).
[14] Evelina Giobbe, The Vox Fights, Vox, Winter 1991, at 34 [hereinafter Giobbe, The Vox Fights] 又见 Evelina Giobbe, Confronting the Liberal Lies about Prostitution, in THE SEXUAL LIBERALS AND THE ATTACK ON FEMINISM 67, 76 (Dorchen Leidholdt & Janice Raymond eds., 1990).
[15] 对该文献的总结, 见 BARRY, THE PROSTITUTION OF SEXUALITY, supra note 3; RYAN BISHOP & LILLIAN S. ROBINSON, NIGHT MARKET: SEXUAL CULTURES AND THE THAI ECONOMIC MIRACLE (1998); ANDREA DWORKIN, PORNOGRAPHY: MEN POSSESSING WOMEN (1981) [hereinafter DWORKIN, MEN POSESSING WOMEN]; MACKINNON, SEX EQUALITY, supra note 3; SHEILA JEFFREYS, THE IDEA OF PROSTITUTION (1997); Andrea Dworkin, Pornography, Prostitution, and a Beautiful and Tragic Recent History, in NOT FOR SALE: FEMINISTS RESISTING PROSTITUTION AND PORNOGRAPHY 137 (Rebecca Whisnant & Christine Stark eds., 2004); Melissa Farley at al., Prostitution in Nine Countries, in PROSTITUTION, TRAFFICKING, AND TRAUMATIC STRESS 33 (Melissa Farley ed., 2003) [hereinafter Prostitution in Nine Countries] 还有大量的相关信息,可在以下网站查阅:http://www.catwintemational.org.
[16] Dworkin将乱伦形容为色情业的“新兵营”:ANDREA DWORKIN, LIFE AND DEATH 143 (1997) [hereinafter DWORKIN, LIFE AND DEATH]
[17] Mimi H. Silbert & Ayala M. Pines, Early Sexual Exploitation as an Influence in Prostitution, 28 SOCIAL WORK 285 (1983). 又见 Mimi H. SILBERT ET AL., SEXUAL ASSAULT OF PROSTITUTES (National Center for the Prevention and Control of Rape, National Institute of Mental Health, San Francisco, CA, 1982).
[18] NORTHWEST RESOURCE Assoc., SURVIVAL SEX IN KING COUNTY, REPORT SUBMITTED TO KING COUNTY WOMEN'S ADVISORY BOARD 16 (1993).
[19] E-mail from Susan Hunter to Melissa Farley (Apr. 4, 2006) (on file with author). 又见 Susan K. Hunter, Prostitution is Cruelty and Abuse to Women and Children, 1 MICR. J. GENDER & L. 91, 103 (1993) (该文属于系列研究的一个方面,揭示出那些尝试逃离娼妓业的女性遭受童年创伤的比例同样很高。)
[20] Erin Gibbs Van Brunschot et al., Images of Prostitution: The Prostitute and Print Media, 10 WOMEN & CIuM. JUST. 47, 47 (1999).
[21] 见 S. T. Green & D. J. Goldberg, Female Streetworker-Prostitutes in Glasgow: A Descriptive Study of Their Lifestyle, 5 AIDS CARE 321, 328 (1993).
[22] 见 id. at 328.
[23] 一般见 VANWESENBEECK, supra note 5.
[24] Ruth Parriott, Health Experiences of Twin Cities Women Used in Prostitution 20 (1994) (unpublished manuscript, on file with WHISPER, Minneapolis, MN).
[25] JANICE G. RAYMOND ET AL., A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WOMEN TRAFFICKED IN THE MIGRATION PROCESS: PATTERNS, PROFILES AND HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF SEXUAL EXPLOITATION IN FIVE COUNTRIES (INDONESIA, THE PHILIPPINES, THAILAND, VENEZUELA AND THE UNITED STATES) (2002), available at http:
[26] 见 Prostitution in Nine Countries, supra note 15. 卖淫女性提到遭受暴力的妇女可以得到庇护所和相关服务,但她们却不能。Evelina Giobbe谈到有必要将妓女纳入受虐妇女保护运动中,她指出:卖淫妇女,我和我的姐妹们……遭受了与这个房间里每一个受虐妇女所讲的一样的虐待,只不过男人们为这么做付了钱。这不是一个工作,我们遭受了虐待,我们需要帮助。
Joshua M. Price, Violence Against Prostitutes and a Re-evaluation of the Counterpublic Sphere, 34 GENDERS 32 (2001), http://www.genders.org/g34/g34j,rice.html (quoting from a speech printed in an educational manual from the Massachusetts Coalition of Battered Women Service Groups Inc.).
[27] 见 VANWESENBEECK, supra note 5.
[28] 见 Parriott, supra note 24, at 14.
[29] 见, e.g., GLOBAL ALLIANCE AGAINST TRAFFIC IN WOMEN, HANDBOOK FOR HUMAN RIGHTS ACTION IN THE CONTEXT OF TRAFFIC IN WOMEN 3 (1997), available at http://apnsw.org/apnsw.htm ("Women have the right to make a bad decision."); 又见 Melissa Farley & Sunjean Seo, Prostitution and Trafficking in Asia, 8 HARV. ASIA PAC. REV. 8 (2006) (discussing the role of the World Health Organization and other groups in normalizing prostitution as labor); Stark & Hodgson, supra note 9.
[30] 关于男性对脱衣舞娘日益增加性暴力和身体暴力的纪录,见Melissa Farley, Bad for the Body, Bad for the Heart, 10 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 1087, 1102 (2004), available at http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/laws/000073.htm1; 又见BRENT K. JORDAN, STRIPPED: TWENTY YEARS OF SECRETS FROM INSIDE THE STRIP CLUB (2004) (discussing the roles of bouncers in strip clubs: to respond to customers' sexual assaults on dancers, and to ensure that customers are beaten up if they attempt to "trick" women out of their pay); 又见 Jacqueline Lewis, Lap Dancing: Personal and Legal Implications for Exotic Dancers, in PROSTITUTION: ON WHORES, HUSTLERS, AND JOHNS 376 (James A. Elias et al. eds., 1998) (noting that the amount and type of physical contact in stripping removes the boundary between it and prostitution); Eleanor MatickaTyndale et al., Exotic Dancing and Health, 31 WOMEN & HEALTH 87, 104 (2000).
[31] Holsopple 记录了脱衣舞俱乐部的卖淫女性经历的言语,身体和性暴力,包括对乳房,臀部和性器官的生理和性攻击。女性被踢、打击,扇耳光,吐唾沫,以及在膝舞时穿刺阴道和肛门。见 Kelly Holsopple, Stripclubs According to Strippers: Exposing Workplace Violence (1998) (unpublished manuscript, on file with author).
[32] 见 John J. Potterat et al., Mortality in a Long-Term Open Cohort of Prostitute Women, 159 AM. J. EPIDEMIOLOGY 778 (2004).
[33] Special Committee on Pornography and Prostitution, Pornography and Prostitution in Canada, 2 PORN. & PROSTITUTION CAN. 350, 350 (1985).
[34] Leonard Cler-Cunningham & Christine Christenson, Studying Violence to Stop It: Canadian Research on Violence Against Women in Vancouver's Street Level Sex Trade, 4 RESEARCH FOR SEX WORK 25, 26 (2001).
[35] Melissa Farley et al., Prostitution in Vancouver: Violence and the Colonization of First Nations Women, 42 TRANSCULTURAL PSYCHIATRY 242, 250 (2005). 如一位女性所说As one women explained, “这是内在的损伤。在你的脑海中,你会变得像这些人对你做的和说的那样。你会疑惑自己为什么会这样做以及为什么这些人会对你做这些。” Interview with anonymous prostituted woman, in San Francisco, Cal. (May 8, 2004).
[36] 见 CECILIE HOIGARD & LIV FINSTED, BACKSTREETS: PROSTITUTION, MONEY AND LOVE 51 (1986).
[37] 见 DWORKIN, LIFE AND DEATH, supra note 16, at 139-51.
[38] 见HARVEY L. SCHWARTZ, DIALOGUES WITH FORGOTTEN VOICES: RELATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON CHILD ABUSE TRAUMA AND THE TREATMENT OF SEVERE DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS (2000).
[39] Anonymous, Stories, in SOLD OUT: A RECOVERY GUIDE FOR PROSTITUTES 77 (J. L. Williams ed., 1991).
[40] Colin A. Ross et al., Dissociation Among Women in Prostitution, in PROSTITUTION, TRAFFICKING, AND TRAUMATIC STRESS, supra note 11, at 199.
[41] 见 JUDITH L. HERMAN, TRAUMA AND RECOVERY (1992); Colin A. Ross et al., Dissociation and Abuse Among Multiple Personality Patients, Prostitutes and Exotic Dancers, 41 HOSP. & COMMUNITY PSYCHIATRY 328 (1990).
[42] 为了促进心理上的解离,毒品和酒精发挥了化学解离的作用。滥用药物还可以作为卖淫暴力造成的身体伤害的止痛药。
[43] Virginia Vitzthum, Selling Intimacy, http://archive.salon.com/sex/feature/2000/07/25/ girl_part Hi/index 1 .htrn1 (July 25, 2000) (引自一位妓女). 见 generally MARIANNE WOOD, JUST A PROSTITUTE (1995) (讨论了由于忍耐嫖客的行为而导致的暴怒).
[44] Prostitution in Nine Countries, supra note 15, at 44.
[45] Beth M. Houskamp & David W. Foy, The Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Battered Women: A Shelter Sample, 6 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 367 (1991) (引用了45%的发生率); Anita Kemp et al., Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Battered Women: A Shelter Sample, 4 J. TRAUMATIC STRESS 137, 143 (1991)(引用了84%的发生率).
[46] I.T. Bownes et al., Assault Characteristics and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in RapeVictims, 83 ACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA 27, 27-30 (1991)(引用了70%的发生率)
[47] R. Ramsay et al., Psychiatric Morbidity in Survivors of Organised State Violence Including Torture, 162 Bitrr. J. PSYCHIATRY 55, 55 (1993) (引用了51%的发生率).
[48] Farley, Prostitution in Nine Countries, supra note 15, at 44.
[49] Vanwesenbeeck发现90%主要在夜总会、妓院和橱窗(windows)里工作的妓女说自己“高度紧张”。VANWESENBEECK, supra note 5, at 82.
[50] Farley & Seo, supra note 29, at 9-12. 又见 Hyun Sun Kim, The Violent Characteristics of Prostitution and PTSD of Prostituted Women (June 2002) (unpublished thesis, Sungkonghoe University, Seoul, Korea) (on file with Sungjean Seo, Seoul, Korea); Letter from Jeong-Ho Chae (Nov. 22, 2005) (regarding preliminary data from a study of Trauma and Psychological Health of Women in Prostitution) (on file with Sungjean Seo, Seoul, Korea).
[51] 见 Parriott, supra note 24.
[52] Vicky Funari, Naked, Naughty, Nasty: Peepshow Reflections, in WHORES AND OTHER FEMINISTS 19, 32 (Jill Nagle ed., 1997). Funari继续写道,“昨天晚上,我在工作后躺在床上,摸了自己的肚子和乳房。我感觉它们还是Capri(她作为脱衣舞演员的名字)的,而且它们拒绝恢复。当(我的伴侣)亲吻我时,我不经意地缩了一下。” Id.
[53] BARBARA GIBSON, MALE ORDER: LIFE STORIES FROM BOYS WHO SELL SEX 86 (1995) (quoting a prostituted boy). 又见 GARY INDIANA, RENT BOY (1994); ROBERTA PERKINS & GARRY BENNETT, BEING A PROSTITUTE (1985); Christopher N. Kendall & Rus Ervin Funk, Gay Male Pornography's 'Actors: ' When 'Fantasy' Isn't, in PROSTITUTION, TRAFFICKING, AND TRAUMATIC STRESS, supra note 11, at 93.
[54] 见Catharine A. MacKinnon, Prostitution and Civil Rights, 1 MICH. J. GENDER & L. 13 (1993).
[55] VANWESENBEECK, supra note 5, at 149.
[56] Equality Now组织于2006年4月24日对Jessica Neuwirth的电话采访
[57] Molly Chattopadhyay et al., Biosocial Factors Influencing Women to Become Prostitutes in India, 41 SOCIAL BIOLOGY 252 (1994).
[58]在赞比亚共和国卢萨卡对妓女的匿名采访(1996年2月17日)
[59]在土耳其伊斯坦布尔对妓女的匿名采访(1999年6月6日)
[60] 8th Street Latinas, http://www.8thstreetlatinas.com/main.htm (2006年4月25日访问)
[61]见 generally BISHOP & ROBINSON, supra note 15, at 149.
[62] Id. at 168-69 (quoting a sex tourist in Thailand).
[63] JEREMY SEABROOK, TRAVELS IN THE SKIN TRADE: TOURISM AND THE SEX INDUSTRY 89 (1996) (quoting Siripom Skrobanek).
[64] 见 Melissa Farley, -Unequal, available at http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/how_prostitutionworks/000 11 .html (2006年4月20日访问).
[65] World Sex Guide, Prostitution in United States, http://www.worldsexguide.org/unitedstates.html (last visited, Apr. 20, 2006). The site has changing advertising banners. On October 28,2005, the World Sex Guide advertised "Bangkok street whores: Click to see these Asian whores get nailed by a big white dick!" with a link to Bangkok Street Whores, http://www.bangkokstreetwhores.com/l/bangkokwhorel.html (last visited Apr. 25, 2006). The web location provided one john's voyeuristic and homoerotic description of a Thai woman who "tried to talk her way out of getting fucked but as soon as he shut her up by stuffing his cock in her mouth, the peace talks were over. Then he split her wide open! We all know that [another john] brings the pain, but damn she's bleeding!" See also Michelle J. Anderson, A License to Abuse: The Impact of Conditional Status on Female Immigrants, 102 YALE L.J. 1401, 1408-1409 nn.48-49 (1993).
[66] Kimberly Chun, Sex: The Annabel Chong Story, ASIANWEEK, May 4, 2000, http://www.asianweek.comi/20000504/aeannabelchong.html (quoting Grace Quek).
[67] 见 Pamela Kaskinen, Pornstar or a Feminist?, YLIOPPILASLEHTI, Apr. 2000, at 1 ("At its core, the film is yet another attempt to capitalize on the racist, sexist and wom-out fantasy that Asian women are subordinate sex slaves.") (quoting Jill Nelson).
[68] D.A. Clark, The Tao of the Gangbang, SPECTATOR, July 12, 1996, at 13 (emphasis added). Another perspective on the racism in the filming of Quek's sexual abuse by 251 men was noted by Darrell Y. Hamamoto, The Joy Fuck Club, 20 NEW. POL. Sci. 3 (1998), who observed that no Asian men were in the 300-men lineup to "gangbang" Quek. The only Asian American in attendance was a man whose job was to wipe ejaculate off Quek between johns. Id.
[69] 与Andrea Dworkin的电话采访(1997年6月17日)
[70]见CATHARINE A. MACKINNON & ANDREA DwoRKIN, IN HARM'S WAY: THE PORNOGRAPHY CIVIL RIGHTS HEARINGS (1997) [hereinafter MACKINNON & DwORKrN, IN HARM'S WAY]
[71] Vednita Nelson, Prostitution: Where Racism and Sexism Intersect, MICH. J. GENDER & L. 81 (1993).
[72] 由于经济上的脆弱性和缺乏其他选择,卖淫对本土妇女的伤害更为严重。Melissa Farley, Preliminary Report on Prostitution in New Zealand (May 14, 2003) (unpublished manuscript, on file with author) (将毛利人/太平洋岛民新西兰人与欧洲裔新西兰人相比,前者更有可能无家可归,更有可能在更年轻的时候就开始卖淫,并引用奥克兰社区活动家Mama Tere的话说,新西兰的娼妓业是一种 "种族隔离制度"); see also Libby W. Plumridge & Gillian Abel, A "Segmented" Sex Industry in New Zealand, 15 AUSTL. & N.Z. J. PUB. HEALTH 78, 78 (2001) (describing the differential impact prostitution has on Maori women in New Zealand).
[73] Giobbe, The Vox Fights, supra note 14, at 32.
[74] JODY RAPHAEL & DEBORAH L. SHAPIRO, SISTERS SPEAK OUT: THE LIVES AND NEEDS OF PROSTITUTED WOMEN IN CHICAGO 5 (2002), available at www.impactresearch.org/documents/sistersspeakout.pdf.
[75] 在室内卖淫的妇女(如脱衣舞俱乐部、按摩妓院和色情业)可能对生活条件的控制力较差,可能比在街头卖淫的妇女面临更大的遭受剥削、奴役和身体伤害的风险。See NORTHWEST RESOURCE ASSOCIATES, supra note 18.
[76] Stephanie Church et al., Violence by Clients Toward Female Prostitutes in Different Work Settings, 322 BRIT. MED. J. 524, 524-25 (2001) (值得注意的是,在街头卖淫的女性更容易被打耳光、拳打脚踢,而在室内卖淫的女性更经常地报告称遭遇强奸未遂).
[77] Melissa Farley et al., Prostitution in Five Countries, 8 FEMINISM & PSYCHOL. 405, 415 (1998). See also Ross, supra note 41, at 328-30 (值得注意的是,在脱衣舞俱乐部工作的妓女罹患精神分裂症和其他精神疾病的概率要明显高于街头卖淫的妇女).
[78] 见 Aida F. Santos, Gathering the Dust: The Bases Issue in the Philipines, 32, 40, in LET THE GOOD TIMES ROLL: PROSTITUTION AND THE US MILITARY IN ASIA (Sandra Sturdevant & Brenda Stolzfus eds., 1992). 例如,在第二次世界大战期间,日军利用欺骗和暴力手段,劫持了多达20万名亚洲妇女和女孩,将她们送入军妓院。这些 "慰安妇 "大多是韩国人, 见 C. Sarah Soh, Japan's Responsibility Toward Comfort Women Survivors (Japan Policy Research Institute, Working Paper No. 77, 2001), available at http://www.icasinc.org/lectures/soh3.html; Deborah Zabarenko, Ex-Slaves Sue Japan for Army Rapes, Torture-Former Comfort Women Testify in US, TORONTO STAR, Sept. 21, 2000, at I (reporting on a class-action lawsuit filed by fifteen former comfort women in U.S. federal court); NORA OKJA KELLER, COMFORT WOMAN (1997) (a fictionalized account of one woman's life).
[79] See Lisa Kramer, Emotional Experiences of Performing Prostitution, in PROSTITUTION, TRAFFICKING, AND TRAUMA TIC STRESS, supra note 11, at 187, 191 (describing locations where 119 U.S. women prostituted). For a detailed refutation of the myth that indoor prostitution is safe for women and a summary of studies comparing different locations where prostitution occurs, see Farley, supra note 30, at 1099. See also Melissa Farley, Prostitution Harms Women Even if Indoors: Reply to Weitzer, 11 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 950, 955-960 (July 2005).
[80] 据推测,在06年德国世界杯比赛期间,有4万名来自欧洲其他国家的妇女被贩卖到德国从事卖淫服务。见 Coalition Against Trafficking in Women, Buying Sex is Not a Sport: No to Germany's Prostitution of Women in World Cup Games, 2006, available at http://catwepetition.ouvaton.org/php/index.php.
[81] United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1465 U.N.T.S. 85, Dec. 10, 1984.
[82] Istanbul Protocol: Manual on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Aug. 9, 1999, 可在 http://www.unhchr.ch/pdff8istprot.pdf上获阅 (“性折磨是从强迫裸体开始的。在许多国家,裸体是折磨的一个固定因素。人在赤身裸体、感到无助的时候最容易受到伤害。裸体加剧了折磨的每一个方面的心理恐惧,因为总有受虐待、被强奸或鸡奸的可能。此外,言语上的性威胁、虐待和嘲弄也是性折磨的一部分,因为它们加强了性折磨有辱人格的一面,这都是性折磨过程的一部分。猥亵妇女在任何情况下都是一种创伤性的行为,也被认为是一种折磨。对男子和对妇女的性折磨之间有一些区别,但有几个问题是二者都适用的。”) [hereinafter Istanbul Protocol] 也可以参见 R.F. Mollica & Y. Caspi-Yavin, Overview: The Assessment and Diagnosis of Torture Events and Symptoms, in TORTURE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 253 (Metin Basoglu ed., 1992).
[83] 参见 Finn Somnier et al., Psycho-social Consequences of Torture, in TORTURE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES, supra note 82, at 56.
[84] AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, BROKEN BODIES, SHATTERED MINDS: TORTURE AND ILLTREATMENT OF WOMEN 4-5 (2001).
[85] 参见 ANDREA DWORKIN, LETTERS FROM A WAR ZONE 199 (1988).
[86] 参见 Richard Kim, Pop Torture, NATION, Dec. 26, 2005, at 37.
[87] 参见, e.g., Gail Dines, The White Man's Burden: Gonzo •Pornography and the Construction of Black Masculinity, 18 YALE J.L. & FEMINISM 283 (2006). 在最受欢迎的色情片演员之一Max Hardcore的网站上,Dines描述了“屁股对嘴”(ATM)的色情片。Dines指出,在ATM色情片中,“男性表演者用肛门插入女性,然后将阴茎插入她的嘴里;他们经常开玩笑说她不得不吃屎。对于这种色情制品而言,最重要的原则是堕落感:从肛门到嘴,女性必须忍受羞辱,但男性的性快感并没有明显的增加。” Id. at 286.
[88] Jane Armstrong, Torture Tapes Stun B.C. Investigators, GLOBE AND MAIL, Jan. 19, 2004, at A1.
[89] PAMELA PAUL, PORNIFIED 61 (2005); 也可参见 Robert Jensen, You Are What You Eat: Robert Jensen Discusses the Pervasive Porn Industry and What It Says About You and Your Desires, CLAMOR, Sept.—Oct. 2002, at 54 (describing bukkake and analyzing its effects on a male observer).
[90] Joanna Bourke, Torture as Pornography, LONDON GUARDIAN, May 7, 2004, 可通过http://www.guardian.co.uWwomen/story/O,3604, 1211261 ,00.html 获阅
[91] 同上
[92] 参见DWORKIN, LIFE AND DEATH, supra note 16; DWORKIN, MEN POSSESSING WOMEN, supra note 15; ANDREA DWORKIN, SCAPEGOAT: THE JEWS, ISRAEL, AND WOMEN'S LIBERATION (2000); MACK[NNON & DWORKIN, supra note 70; MACKINNON, supra note 3, at 1506-651; MacKinnon, Prostitution and Civil Rights, supra note 54.
[93] D.M. Hughes, Welcome to the Rape Camp: Sexual Exploitation and the Internet in Cambodia, 6 J. SEXUAL AGGRESSION 29 (2000).
[94] DWORKIN, MEN POSSESSING WOMEN, supra note 15, at25.
[95] Robert Jensen, Cruel to Be Hard: Men and Pornography, SEXUAL ASSAULT REPORT, Jan.—Feb. 2004, at 33, available at http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/—rjensen/freelance/pornography&cruelty.htm.
[96] 同上
[97] E-mail from Robert Jensen (Mar. 12, 2006).
[98] Dines, supra note 87, at 285.
[99] Jensen, supra note 95.
[100] 参见, e.g., SCHWARTZ, supra note 38, at 320 (讨论具有类似手段和类似情感后果的儿童的折磨和卖淫).
[101] 参见 Judith L. Herman, Hidden in Plain Sight: Clinical Observations on Prostitution, in PROSTITUTION, TRAFFICKING, AND TRAUMATIC STRESS, supra note 1 1, at 4.
[102] 一位妇女在描述她与皮条客的关系时说,“(卖淫)就像一个邪教组织。他把我洗脑了”。Interview with anonymous prostituted woman, Aug. 6, 1997. 另一名妇女解释说,“你会变得他们说什么、做什么,你就做什么。这对你的内心是有伤害的。” Interview with anonymous prostituted woman, June 19, 1998. See also SCHWARTZ, supra note 38, at 314—19, 333—37 (这证实了卖淫、贩卖人口与政治和邪教之间的相似之处,如洗脑和思想控制的方法、创伤性结合的生理学,以及犯罪者操纵依附关系建立对受害者的权力压迫等方面的共同点).
[103] Interview with anonymous prostituted woman, in San Francisco, Cal. (May 8, 2004).
[104] 参见 KATE MILLETT, THE POLITICS OF CRUELTY 42 (1994) (discussing political torture with language that also applies to women in prostitution and noting that judicial torments are also methods of dominating victims).
[105] DEE L.R. GRAHAM ET AL., LOVING TO SURVIVE: SEXUAL TERROR, MEN'S VIOLENCE, AND WOMEN'S LIVES 44 (1994) (文中描述了典型的斯德哥尔摩综合症的行为,如极难离开俘虏者、长期害怕被报复等). 106. PROSTITUTION OF SEXUALITY, supra note 3, at 250—75.
[106] PROSTITUTION OF SEXUALITY,supra note3,at 250-75
[107] Agger, Sexual Torture ofP01itica1 Prisoners, 2 J. TRAUMATIC STRESS 305 (1989).
[108] Mohammed Al-Sader, Torture Survivors: A New Group of Patients, Speech at World Congress on Violence and Human Coexistence (Aug. 20, 1997) (notes on file with author). 也可参见 ORLANDO PATTERSON, SLAVERY AND SOCIAL DEATH 3 (1982) (“鞭打不仅是一种惩罚方法。它是一种有意识的手段,让奴隶们知道自己是奴隶。”)(quoting George P. Rawick).
[109] Giobbe, The Vox Fights, supra note 14, at 35 (emphasis added).
[110] 参见 Stuart Turner, Emotional Reactions to Torture and Organized State Violence, 15 PTSD RESEARCH QUARTERLY I (2004). See generally AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, BROKEN BODIES, SHATTERED MINDS: TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT OF WOMEN (2001) (解决债务捆绑卖淫问题,但不涉及其他被认为是自愿的、而妇女实际上在心理或社会层面受到贫困、虐待儿童、强奸、战争或遗弃等因素胁迫的其他类型的卖淫;); Istanbul Protocol, supra note 82, at 66-70; Hans Petter Hougen, Physical and Psychological Sequelae to Torture, 39 FORENSIC SCI. [NT 'L 5 (1988); Derrick Silove, The Psychosocial Effects of Torture, Mass Human Rights Violations, and Refugee Trauma, 187 J. NERVOUS & MENTAL
DISEASE 200 (1999).
[111] PROSTITUTION OF SEXUALITY, supra note 3, at 55.
[112] See AKIYUKI NOZAKA, THE PORNOGRAPHERS (Michael Gallagher trans., 1968).
[113] Pornography has been used as recruitment into childhood sexual assault as well as prostitution. See MACKINNON & DwORKIN, IN HARM'S WAY, supra note 70. Pornography that normalizes prostitution is used by pimps to teach girls what acts to perform in prostitution. Mimi H. Silbert & Ayala M. Pines, Pornography and Sexual Abuse of Women, 10 SEX ROLES 857 (1984). Women in prostitution have described pornography's role in submitting to the enactment of specific scenes for pimps or customers. Id. See also Melissa Farley & Howard Barkan, Prostitution, Violence and Positraumatic Stress Disorder, 27 WOMEN & HEALTH 37 (1998).
[114] 参阅 Donna Hughes, Prostitution Online, in PROSTITUTION, TRAFFICKING, AND TRAUMATIC STRESS, supra note 11, at 115.
[115] D.A. Clarke, Prostitution for Everyone: Feminism, Globalization, and the 'Sex' Industry, in NOT FOR SALE: FEMINISTS RESISTING PROSTITUTION AND PORNOGRAPHY 199 (Rebecca Whisnant & Christine Stark eds., 2004).
[116] Teela Sanders, "It's Just Acting": Sex Workers' Strategies for Capitalizing on Sexuality, 12 GENDER, WORK & ORG. 319, 330 (2005).
[117] Robert Jensen, The Paradox of Pornography, OP ED NEWS, Feb. I, 2006, at http://www.opednews.com/articies/opedne-robert-j_060201-the-paradox-of-pomo.htm (quoting Jeff Steward, owner of JM Productions, http://www.jerkoffzone.com).
[118] Clark, supra note 68.
[119] Robin Askew, Life Thru a Lens, SPIKE MAG., http://www.spikemagazine.com/1000annabelchong.php (last visited March 16, 2006) (interviewing the star of SEX: THE ANNABEL CHONG STORY).120. Melissa Farley, Renting an Organ for Ten Minutes: What Tricks Tell us about Prostitution, Pornography, and Trafficking, in PORNOGRAPHY: DRIVING THE DEMAND FOR INTERNATIONAL SEX TRAFFICKING (David Guinn ed., forthcoming 2006).
[121] MACKINNON, supra note 3, at 1524.
[122] Thomas Zambito, Two Plead Guilty in $13 Million Prosty Ring, N.Y. DAILY NEWS, Jan. 6, 2006, at http://www.nydailynews.com/front/story/380758p-323279chtml.
[123] The Sex Industry: Giving the Customer What He Wants, ECONOMIST, Feb. 14, 1998, at 21 (reporting that excruciating or humiliating acts purchased from women in economically devastated parts of Europe cost far less than pornographers paid to film the same acts a decade earlier).
[124] 参阅 Catharine A. MacKinnon, Pornography as Trafficking, 26 MICH. J. INTL. L. 993 (2005).
[125] 参阅 Sven Axel Mansson, Men's Practices in Prostitution and Their Implications for Social Work, in SOCIAL WORK IN CUBA AND SWEDEN 267 (Sven Axel Mansson & Clotilde Proveyer eds., 2004).
[126] Interview with anonymous, in San Francisco, Cal. (March 24, 2005).
[127] Hughes, supra note 114, at 119.
[128] Farley, supra note 120.
[129] MACKINNON & DWORKIN, IN HARM'S WAY, supra note 70, at 351.
[130] James Kaplan, The Laughing Game, NEW YORKER, Feb. 7, 2000, 52, 61-62 (斜体为作者所加).
[131] MICHELLE TEA & LAURENN MCCUBBIN, RENT Gnu, 29 (2004).
[132] Melissa Farley, What Do We Know About Johns?, DEMAND DYNAMICS: THE FORCES OF DEMAND IN GLOBAL SEX TRAFFICKING 27 (Morrison Torrey ed., 2004).
[133] Jim Adams & Jason Riley, After Spas' Boom, Enforcement Affects illicit Sex Business, LOUISVILLE COURIER-JOURNAL, July 11, 2004, at 1.
[134] ULIA O'CONNELL DAVIDSON, PROSTITUTION, POWER, AND FREEDOM 209 (1998).
[135] SEABROOK, supra note 63, at 193.
[136] Interviews on file with the author and forthcoming in Farley, supra note 123.
[137] HOIGARD & FINSTED, supra note 36, at 51.
[138] Dwoiticni, LIFE AND DEATH, supra note 16, at 139.
[139] Valerie Jeness, From Sex as Sin to Sex as Work: COYOTE and the Reorganization of Prostitution as a Social Problem, 37 SOCIAL PROBLEMS 403 (1990) (referencing Margo St. James and Priscilla Alexander).
[140] Farley, supra note 120 (在描述皮条客与妓女的关系时,有嫖客称“他通过打她、和她玩心理游戏来控制她”“皮条客是主人,妓女是为皮条客赚钱的奴隶”以及“死亡是她与皮条客关系的最终结果”)
[141] Sven-Axel Mansson, Men's Practices in Prostitution: The Case of Sweden, in A MAN'S WORLD? CHANGING MEN'S PRACTICES IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD 135, 138 (Bob Pease & Keith Pringle eds., 2001).
[142] Farley, supra note 120.
[143] 同上
[144] 同上
[145] 同上
[146] Larry Roter, She Who Controls Her Body Can Upset Her Countrymen, N.Y TIMES, Apr. 27, 2006, at A4.
[147] Jerry Carroll, The Game of the Name, SAN FRANCISCO EXAMINER, Sept. 11, 1994, at 1.
[148] For a blunt critique of the concept of prostitution as a form of labor, see Melissa Farley, Unequal, http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/how_prostitution_works/000111.html.
[149] Catharine A. MacKinnon, Points Against Postmodernism, 75 CH.-KENT L. REv. 687, 711-12
(2000).
[150]同上. at 703.
[151] Celine Parreflas Shimizu, Remarks at the Yale Journal of Law and Feminism Symposium, Sex for Sale (Feb. 4, 2006). Noting the "paradox of pleasure and violence in racial subjection," 清水探讨了奴隶主对奴隶的强奸,并建议我们不要过早地否定“从奴隶性满足的角度讲述奴隶制度” Celine Parreflas Shimizu, Master-Slave Sex Acts: Mandingo and the Race/Sex Paradox, WIDE ANGLE, Oct. 1999, at 42.
[152] MacKinnon, supra note 152, at 702.
[153] JEFFREYS, supra note 15, at 201.
[154] SHANNON BELL, READING, WRITING AND REWRITING THE PROSTITUTE BODY 1 (1994).
[155] Audrey Extavasia & Tessa Dora Addison, Fucking (with Theory) for Money: Toward an Interrogation of Escort Prostitution, POSTMODERN CULTURE, May 1992, http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/ pmatext-only/issue.592/add-ext.592.
[156] Bell, supra note 154, at 4.
[157] MacKinnon, supra note 149, at 707, makes the point that the fragmentation that is idealized by postmodemists is, in reality, psychological multiplicity caused by extreme—usually sexual—torture at a young age.
[158] Sanders, supra note 116, 336.
[159]同上
[160] VANWESENBEECK, supra note 5, at 107.
[161] Ine Vanwesenbeeck et al., Professional HIV Risk Taking, Levels of Victimization, and Well-Being in Female Prostitutes in The Netherlands, 24 ARCHIVES SEXUAL BEH. 503 (1995).
[162] CLAUDE JAGET, PROSTITUTES-OUR LIFE 88 (Anna Furse et al. trans., 1980) (“”论述了“被看,被观赏与像物品一样被买卖所带来的、的痛苦”); 另见GIOBBE, FACILITATOR'S GUIDE, supra note 10, at 35 (”“参与卖淫就是在市场上当一个物品”); HOIGARD & FINSTED, supra note 36, at 51 (提供了大量卖淫女性被物化与恋物化的例子).
[163] DAVIDSON, supra note 134, at 109.
[164] See, e.g., THE WORLD'S BIGGEST GANG BANG (Zane, 1995); SEX: THE ANNABEL CHONG STORY (Coffeehouse Films, 2002).
[165] Anthony Petkovitch, Grace from Outer Space, SPECTATOR, Apr. 26, 2000, http://www.spectator.net/EDPAGES/annabelAP.html.
[166] Linda Ruth Williams, Review of Sex: The Annabel Chong Story, SIGHT AND SOUND, May 2000, http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/review/493.
[167] Kimberly Chun, Sex: The Annabel Chong Story from a Singapore Schoolgirl to the Nastiest Porn Star in the World, ASIAN WEEK, May 4, 2000, http://www.asianweek.com/2000_05_04/ ae_annabelchong.html.
[168] Clark, supra note 68, at 13.
[169] Gaby Bile-Gunther, Review of Sex: The Annabel Chong Story, SENSES OF CINEMA, July-Aug. 2000, http://www. senses ofci nema. corn/contents/0 0/8/sex. Html.
[170] Linda Ruth Williams, Review of Sex: The Annabel Chong Story, SIGHT AND SOUND, May 2000, http ://wvvw.bfi.org.uk/s ightandsound/issue/200005.
[171] 一个特别恶毒的色情作家讽刺地写道:“我真是佩服那些背上、屁股上和乳头上都能承受250磅的重量的女人;这些女人从后面、侧面和上面都能承受得住;最后她们浑身湿透、疲惫不堪、几乎崩溃”Matt Cale, Review of Sex: The Annabel Chong Story, http://ruthlessreviews.com/movies/s/sex.html (last visited Mar. 16, 2006).
[172] Dmetri Kakmi, Review of Sex: The Annabel Chong Story, SENSES OF CINEMA, Dec. 2000-Jan. 2001, http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/00/11/annabel.html.
[173] MacKinnon, supra note 149, 706 n.47 (quoting JUDITH BUTLER, GENDER TROUBLE 25 (1990)).
[174] MARY SULLIVAN, WHAT HAPPENS WHEN PROSTITUTION BECOMES WORK? AN UPDATE ON LEGALISATION OF PROSTITUTION IN AUSTRALIA 23 (2005), available at http://action.web.ca/home/catw/ readingroom.shtml?x=-8464 1. [175]
[176] Janice G. Raymond, Ten Reasons for Not Legalizing Prostitution and a Legal Response to the Demand for Prostitution, in PROSTITUTION, TRAFFICKING, AND TRAUMATIC STRESS, supra note 11, at 315. See also SULLIVAN, supra note 174; ILVI JOE-CANNON, PRIMER ON THE MALE DEMAND FOR PROSTITUTION (2006), http://action.web.ca/home/catw/readingroom.shtml?x=85687
[177] 政客们在谈论卖淫问题时,往往会发表前后矛盾、有时甚至大相径庭的言论。例如,在新西兰,总理海伦·克拉克(Helen Clark)认为娼妓业是“可恶的”,但娼妓业的去罪化将使妇女受益。克拉克没有注意到,除了将为妇女拉客的罪行合法化之外,娼妓业的全面合法化也将皮条客、约翰和人口贩子的掠夺性行为合法化。参阅 John Banks, City Shoulders Load of Making Law Work, NEW ZEALAND HERALD, Sept. 15, 2003, at 1.
[178] VALERIE JENNESS, MAKING IT WORK: THE PROSTITUTES' RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN PERSPECTIVE 5 (1993).
[179] 其他接受或倡议卖淫成为贫穷妇女合理工作的组织,包括:世界卫生组织(WHO);联合国艾滋病规划署;国际劳工组织(ILO);大赦国际;国际反奴隶制;国际反奴隶制与贩运联盟(CAST);和无国界医生组织。
[181] 倡导合法化或非犯罪化卖淫的拥护者认为,卖淫的主要危害在于它是社会的污点,而不是此处描述的身心暴力。但是,没有证据表明合法化减轻了卖淫作为社会污点的一面。例如,从事合法卖淫活动的荷兰妇女有机会积累退休金。但是她们担心这种名声会伴随她们的余生,因此她们无法利用这项政策。
[182] MARJAN WIJERS & LIN LAP-CHEW, Trafficking in Women, Forced Labour and Slavery-like Practices in Marriage, in DOMESTIC LABOUR AND PROSTITUTION 152 (Foundation Against Trafficking in Women, Utrecht, Neth., 1997). 按报告的频率排列,卖淫中虐待性条件的表现形式包括:心理虐待、身体虐待、监禁、警察骚扰和逮捕、性侵犯、无权拒绝顾客或每天强制性的最低顾客数量、隔离、拒绝休假、无权拒绝特定性行为,没收身份证和/或护照,每天工作12小时或12小时以上,无法获得医疗护理,强迫或危险堕胎,威胁对不遵守规定的家庭成员进行报复,没收个人物品,剥夺使用避孕套的权利,扣发工资,没有适当的住宿,强制艾滋病检测又得不到结果,食物不足,强行征募姐妹朋友卖淫。同上,at 199.
[183] Interview with Jacob K. Jou, Yale University Computer Center, Yale University, in New Haven, Conn. (Feb. 4, 2006).
[184] Sheila Jeffreys, The Legalisation of Prostitution: A Failed Social Experiment, WOMEN'S HEALTH WATCH, 1, 8 (Women's Health Action, Auckland, New Zealand, March/Apr., 2003) available at http://www.womens health.org.nz (discussing bouncers' failures to protect women from beatings in legal Australian brothels); SEX WORKER EDUCATION & ADVOCACY TASKFORCE, SAFETY TIPS FOR SEX WORKERS (1997) (on file with author) (recommending that those in prostitution check johns' rooms for knives, handcuffs or rope). Daley, supra note 180, at 15.(discussing a pimp who described a pillow in a brothel as a 'murder weapon.'
[185] Mary Sullivan, Can Prostitution Be Safe? Applying Occupational Health and Safety Codes to Australia's Legalized Brothel Prostitution, in NOT FOR SALE 252 (Rebecca Whisnant & Christine Stark eds., 2004); see also SULLIVAN, supra note174, at 21-22 (discussing risk management procedures and deescalation protocols).
[186] Susan Sward, Dancer Says Strip Club Patron Raped Her, SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE, Feb.10, 2000, at A19.
[187] 一位妇女解释说,卖淫“就像家庭暴力走到了极端” Diana Leone, One in 100 children in Sex Trade, Study Says, HONOLULU STAR-BULLETIN, Sept. 10, 2001, at Al, available at http://starbulletin.com/2001/09/10/news/storyl.html; 加拿大的一位原住民妇女说:“对别人是强奸,对我们来说是正常。Farley et al., supra note 35, at 242; see also Susan Kay Hunter, Prostitution is Cruelty and Abuse to Women and Children, I MICH. J. GENDER & L. 1 (1994) (声称保护卖淫妇女是不可能的,因为她们大约每周都被强奸一次)
[188] For a detailed discussion of these issues, see Memorandum of Law for APNE AAP and Eighteen Other Organizations as Amicus Curiae, Alliance for Open Society Int'l., Inc., and Open Soc'y Inst. v. United States Agency for Int'l. Dev., Civil Action No.05-CV-8209 (Dec. 9, 2005)
[189] Press Release, Commission on the Status of Women, Remarks by Peter Piot, U.N. Doc. WoM/I 104 (Mar. 3, 1999); Claudia Garcia-Moreno & Charlotte Watts, Press Release, Gender Equality, Violence Against Women Present Continuing Challenges, told to Third Committee, U.N. Doe. GA/SHC/3744 (Oct. 15, 2003), available at http:l/www.un.orglNewslPress/docs/20031 gashc3744.doc.htm.
[190] See Editorial, The Feminization of AIDS, N.Y. TIMES, Dec. 13, 2004, at A26; Maxine Frith, India's Hidden AIDS Epidemic: Virus to Infect 25 Million by 2010, THE INDEPENDENT (London), Nov. 19, 2003, at 13. 由于普遍容忍对妇女的暴力行为,没有被迫卖淫的妇女也很容易感染艾滋病毒。例如,在印度,没有法律禁止婚内强奸。Id. See also Kate Hendricks, 泰国的100%使用避孕套政策: Success is in the Eye of the Beholder (Oct. 28, 2005) (unpublished manuscript, on file with first author); Sevgi 0. Aral & Jonathan M. Mann, Commercial Sex Work and STD: The Need for Policy Interventions to Change Societal Patterns, 25 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 455, 455-56 (1998)(讨论了疾病控制中心的建议,即通过公共卫生方案应对侵犯人权的卖淫行为)
[191] ALEXA ALBERT, BROTHEL: MUSTANG RANCH AND ITS WOMEN 178 (2001) (quoting William O'Donnell).
[192] DwOPKIN, supra note 84, at 133.
[193] 关于瑞典娼妓业与贩卖人口相关立法的信息, 参阅 Prostitutionresearch.com, Fact Sheet in Violence Against Women, http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/swedish.html (last visited Apr. 11, 2006).
[194] Gunilla S. Ekberg, The Swedish Law that Prohibits the Purchase of Sexual Services, 10 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 1187 (2004), available at http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/c-lawsabout- prostitution.html; see also Gunilla S. Ekberg, Prostitution and Trafficking: the Legal Situation in Sweden (Mar. 15, 2001) (unpublished manuscript, on file with author.)
[195] Farley & Seo, supra note 29, at 9-12.
[196] Id. at 9 (discussing Gi Hwan Kim's legal -proposals to prevent prostitution and sex tourism in Korea).
[197] FLA. STAT. § 796.09 (2006); cf MINN. STAT. § 611A.80 (1994); see also Margaret A.Baldwin, Strategies of Connection: Prostitution and Feminist Politics, I MICH. J. GENDER & L. 65 (1993) (discussing the Florida statute).、
[198] FLA. STAT. § 796.09(k)-(o) (2006); see Margaret Baldwin, What Can Be Done to Interfere with and Ultimately Eliminate Demand?, in DEMAND DYNAMICS 105 (Morrison Torrey ed., 2004) (discussing claims brought and won under FLA. STAT. § 796.09). In 2006, the Florida Council Against Sexual Violence, in collaboration with Florida Legal Services, the Jacksonville Women's Center, and Refuge House, is seeking federal funding to support civil legal claims that may be brought by prostituted women under section 796.09 of the Florida Code. Email from Margaret Baldwin (Mar. 17, 2006)(on file with author).
[199] Denis MacShane, Prosecute 'Massage Parlour' Rapists, DAILY TELEGRAPH, Jan 3, 2006, at 14.
[200] 《禁止贩卖人口和营利性剥削与强迫卖淫公约》,96 U.N.T.S.271。另见《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》,1979年12月18日,第5条。1249联合国贸易标准第13、17条,在第6条中宣布,缔约国应采取包括立法在内的一切适当措施,禁止一切形式的贩卖妇女和对妇女的剥削或强迫卖淫。
[201] See Janice G. Raymond, The New UN. Trafficking Protocol, 25 WOMEN'S STUD. INT'L F. 491 (2002). 该议定书还填补了以前用来将卖淫和贩运定义为劳工的一些漏洞。例如,《议定书》将为卖淫而支付的金钱描述为一种强迫一个人性交的手段。. Id. at 492.
[202] United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights Aspects of the Victims of Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, 9 U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2006/62 (Feb. 20, 2006).
[203] Idat 17.
[204] Id. at 7.
[205] Id. at 12特别报告员指出,“性工作”、“性工作者”和“客户”这几个词错误地表明,目前实行的卖淫通常不属于贩运类别。
[206] Sanders, supra note 1 16, at. 319.
[207] MAGGIE O'NEILL, PROSTITUTION AND FEMINISM 89 (2001).
[208] Dorchen A. Leidholdt, Coalition Against Trafficking in Women, Speech at University of North Carolina, Sexual Trafficking Conference :打破沉默的危机(2006年4月8日)(会议讨论了制定强有力的州反贩运法律以及对贩运人口进行全面定义的重要性,包括国内贩运和跨国贩运,而解决性贩运的关键在于解决男人的嫖娼需求,并且要防范以旅游为名,而实质是以性剥削妇女和儿童为目的,针对男人所提供的嫖娼之旅;还倡导各州法律明确规定卖淫的受害者,包括被卖淫的儿童都不属于犯罪,并为受害者提供服务的资金)。
[209]Neuwirth, supra note 56.
[210] Melissa Farley, Prostitution, Slavery, and Complex PTSD (1997) (unpublished paper presented at International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Montreal, on file with author).
[211] ORLANDO PAITERSON, SLAVERY AND SOCIAL DEATH 12 (1982).
[212] Anthony G. Gumbs, Prostitution: A Return to Slavery, JAMAICA GLEANER ONLINE, Apr. 24, 2006, available at http://www.jamaicagleaner.com/gleaner/20060424/letters/letters I .html
[213] See, e.g., Marisa. B. Ugarte et al. Prostitution and Trafficking of Women and Children from Mexico to the United States, in PROSTITUTION, TRAFFICKING, AND TRAUMATIC STRESS, supra note I l, at 147 (describing zones of tolerance for prosititution near Mexico City).拉斯维加斯的酒店赌场是宽容区的另一个示例:在这里,女性被拉皮条给阔绰的嫖客。尽管在拉斯维加斯卖淫是非法的,但警察往往对赌场内成年妇女的卖淫行为视而不见,室内逮捕到的嫖客也相对较少。
[214] Farley, supra note 30, at 1116.
[215] 减少卖淫/性交易的危害应包括与减少成瘾性危害相同,共包含三个组成部分。例如:1)如采取使用干净的针头等措施降低吸毒的其他风险,而与之相同,应努力去降低卖淫对身体带来的伤害,例如分发女用避孕套,以减少子宫颈癌的发病率 2)设法降低吸毒者对毒品的需求,例如免费获得美沙酮(用于戒除海洛因毒瘾)诊所;采取措施减少男性对卖淫的需求,例如对嫖客施以重刑 3)减少毒品供应,例如逮捕主要的毒贩,以及在贩运案件中通过提供稳定的住房或逮捕腐败的移民官员来减少从事卖淫的妇女人数。“减少危害”的倡导者常常认为,妇女不可避免地会继续卖淫故而仅仅专注于上述的第一条。我们则需要集中精力根除(如第二和第三项)卖淫/人口贩运所带来的危害。
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